Cuantificación de compuestos con potencial bioactivo en Citrullus lanatus, Luffa cylindrica y Sicana odorifera

La sandía vanessa, la luffa y la cassabanana son cucurbitáceas que poseen compuestos con potencial bioactivo, esto es, presencia de compuestos que ejercen efectos benéficos para la salud. En Colombia, estas frutas son desaprovechadas, debido a su escasa popularidad; dar a conocer la información de sus compuestos nutricionales incentiva su aprovechamiento y consumo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar la caracterización fisicoquímica y evaluar el efecto de la liofilización y la extracción asistida por ultrasonido sobre el contenido de vitamina C, polifenoles totales y capacidad antioxidante de las partes de cada fruto. Los desechos generados entre cortezas y semillas son de 28,3 % (sandía), 68,76 % (luffa) y 25,39 % (cassabanana); estos, a su vez, presentaron contenidos de polifenoles totales y capacidad antioxidante mayores que en la pulpa. El tratamiento de liofilización mejoró la extracción % en capacidad antioxidante, vitamina C y polifenoles totales, comparado con las muestras frescas. Por otro lado, tanto la corteza como la pulpa de luffa son una buena fuente de compuestos con capacidad antioxidante, mientras que la sandía y la cassabanana alcanzaron una buena aceptación sensorial, lo cual, se atribuye al contenido de sólidos solubles y el alto contenido de agua, que las hace frutas dulces y refrescantes.

Vanessa watermelon, luffa and cassabanana are cucurbits that have compounds with bioactive potential, that is, compounds that have beneficial effects on health. In Colombia, these fruits are underutilized due to their low popularity; making known the information on their nutritional compounds encourages their use and consumption. The objective of this study was to perform the physicochemical characterization and evaluate the effect of freeze-drying and ultrasound-assisted extraction on the vitamin C content, total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of the parts of each fruit. The wastes generated between rinds and seeds are 28.3 % (watermelon), 68.76 % (luffa) and 25.39 % (cassabanana), these in turn presented higher total polyphenol contents and antioxidant capacity than in the pulp. The freeze-drying treatment improved the extraction % in antioxidant capacity, vitamin C and total polyphenols compared to fresh samples. On the other hand, both rind and pulp of luffa are a good source of compounds with antioxidant capacity, while watermelon and cassabanana reached a good sensory acceptance, which is attributed to the soluble solids content and the high-water content, which makes them sweet and refreshing fruits.

Studies on Impact of Processing on Physiochemical and Biochemical Properties of Osmodehydrated Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L) Merr.) Cuboid and Its Storage Stability

Osmotic dehydration of pineapple cuboids were conducted to study the effect of sugar concentration of osmotic solution on mass transfer, weight reduction, vitamin-C, total phenol content and antioxidant property of samples pretreated with steam blanching and microwave heating. As treatment time went on, there was an increase in water loss, weight loss, and solids accumulation. The sample treated with 60°B experienced the highest mass transfer during the osmotic dehydration of pineapple cuboids, whereas the sample treated with 30°B experienced the lowest mass transfer. The pineapple cuboids immersed in 60˚B sugar syrup and dried in a tray drier resulted maximum weight loss. Microwave heated samples dipped in 60˚B sugar syrup showed better retention of nutritive value(total phenol content, vitamin C and antioxidant activity) as well as better color, texture, taste and mouth feel .According to the sensory analysis, the samples treated with 60°B solution received the highest acceptability for color, flavour, texture, mouth feel, and taste. Osmodried samples were stored for 3 months at ambient condition without any adverse effect on sensory and nutritional parameters.

Anacardium excelsum phytochemical analysis and in vitro antimicrobial activity against oral cavity microorganisms / Análisis fitoquímico y actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de Anacardium excelsum sobre microorganismos de cavidad bucal

ABSTRACT Infections of the oral cavity have a broad microbial etiological profile that varies according to each microenvironment in the mouth. Such infections often require antimicrobial treatment, which can lead to the development of resistance. There is thus a need to find new therapeutic strategies based on natural plant-derived compounds. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical nuclei and the antimicrobial effect of Anacardium excelsum leaf and stem extracts, and of fractions derived from the leaf extract, against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 35548, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The plant material was collected from the Quindío Botanical Garden (Calarcá, Quindío-Colombia), located at an altitude of 1500 meters above sea level. Hydroalcoholic extracts of A. excelsum leaves and stems, and fractions of the hydroalcoholic leaf extract, were obtained by percolation extraction. Phytochemical nuclei were identified by thin layer chromatography. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts and fractions (at concentrations of 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg / ml) against the five ATCC reference strains was evaluated using the well diffusion technique on Mueller-Hinton agar. The leaf extract showed no antimicrobial activity against E. coli, but it did show antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, S. aureus, E. faecalis and C. albicans, at a concentration of 10 mg/ml, with zones of inhibition of 9 to 11 mm. The ethyl acetate and acetone fractions obtained from A. excelsum leaf extract had greatest antimicrobial activity at 10 mg/ml. In conclusion, (1) the A. excelsum leaf extract, and the ethyl acetate and acetone fractions obtained from the leaf extract, had the greatest antimicrobial activity on all the study microorganisms, and (2) the phytochemical nuclei in the fractions (ethyl acetate and acetone) were found to contain phenolic-type compounds, tannins, triterpene-type terpenes and steroidal-type terpenes, which might explain the antimicrobial activity observed.

RESUMEN Las infecciones de la cavidad bucal se caracterizan por presentar un amplio perfil etiológico microbiano que varía de acuerdo a cada microambiente en boca. En muchos casos estas infecciones requieren tratamiento antimicrobiano que puede conducir al desarrollo de resistencia. Estos hechos en conjunto generan la necesidad de buscar nuevas estrategias terapéuticas, provenientes de compuestos naturales derivados de plantas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los núcleos fitoquímicos y el efecto antimicrobiano de extractos de hojas y tallos, y de fracciones derivadas del extracto de hojas de Anacardium excelsum contra Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 35548, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433 y Candida albicans ATCC 10231. El material vegetal se colectó del Jardín Botánico del Quindío (Calarcá, Quindío-Colombia), situado a una altura de 1500 msnm. Se obtuvieron extractos hidroalcohólicos de hojas y tallos, y fracciones a partir del extracto hidroalcohólico de hojas de A. excelsum mediante extracción por percolación. La identificación de los núcleos fitoquímicos fue realizado por cromatografía en capa delgada. La evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana de extractos y fracciones, en concentraciones de 2, 5, 10, 20 y 40 mg/ml, frente a las 5 cepas de referencia ATCC, se realizó mediante la técnica de difusión con aplicación en pozo sobre agar Mueller-Hinton. El extracto de hojas no presentó actividad antimicrobiana sobre E. coli pero si sobre S. mutans, S. aureus, E. faecalis y C. albicans, en una concentración de 10 mg/ml, con halos de inhibición desde 9 a 11 mm, y las fracciones de acetato de etilo y acetona obtenidas del extracto de hojas de A. excelsum, presentaron mayor actividad antimicrobiana en una concentración de 10 mg/ml. En conclusión, 1. El extracto de hojas y las fracciones de acetato de etilo y acetona obtenidas del extracto de hojas de A. excelsum presentaron mayor actividad antimicrobiana sobre todos los microorganismos en estudio; 2. La evaluación de los núcleos fitoquímicos en las fracciones acetato de etilo y de acetona mostraron compuestos de tipo fenólico, taninos, terpenos del tipo triterpenos y terpenos del tipo esteroidal, que posiblemente expliquen la actividad antimicrobiana obtenida.

Ligand fishing: a strategy for rapidly screening bioactive compounds from organism extracts / 药学学报

Natural products are valuable resources for discovering new drugs. So far, screening bioactive compounds from organism extracts is still an important and challenging task. Traditional biometric guided method involves repeated fractionation steps and bioactivity tests, which are time-consuming, labor-consuming, and inefficient. Ligand fishing is a bioanalysis method for screening ligands from complex organism extracts based on intermolecular affinity interactions. It has the characteristics of strong specificity, high efficiency, and less requirement for sample pretreatment. In this review, we summarize the classification of ligand fishing strategy and its application in enzyme inhibitors screening. Finally, the development prospects of this technology are forecasted.

Cytotoxic activity of methanolic extract of Streptomyces sp. strain KSF 83 on growth of human breast and colon cancer cells

Aims@#The attention for new and effective anticancer drugs but less toxic is increasing over time. Streptomyces is the most important and well-known source of their bioactive compound production with useful bioactivities. This work aimed for evaluation of the anticancer potential of methanolic extract of Streptomyces sp. strain KSF 83 against non-cancerous cell lines (CCD-841-CoN), breast (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) and colon cancer cell lines (HT-29, HCT-116).@*Methodology and results@#The characteristic of the strain KSF 83 was identified by morphology and 16S rRNA sequencing and results confirmed that the strain belonged to the genus of Streptomyces. The crude substance was produced via submerged fermentation from the strain and methanol solvent was used to extract the culture filtrate. Methanolic extract possessed low toxicity against CCD-841-CoN with only 18% of inhibition activity at the 400 µg/mL. Among all tested cancer cells, the methanolic extract was able to inhibit the growth of all cancer cells tested with MCF-7 was the highest anticancer activity recorded. The methanolic extract also exhibited cytotoxicity in a range of EC50 of 65.79 μg/mL to 262.40 μg/mL. This study revealed the anticancer potential of Streptomyces sp. strain KSF 83, which could be sources of prospective anticancer drugs against breast and colon cancer.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@# The extract of KSF 83 was non-toxic toward normal cell lines and able to inhibit the growth of breast and cancer cell lines, thus it can be a potential source of the anticancer drug against breast and colon cancer.

Effect of algal antimicrobials on selected aquatic pathogens and characterization of bioactive compounds

Marine microalgae have been reported as an excellent source of bioactive compounds. The present study analyzesthe existence of bioactive phytochemicals and their efficacy in antimicrobial activity against aquatic pathogens.The antimicrobial compounds were extracted from three marine microalgae, namely Chlorella sp., Pavlova sp., andChaetoceros sp., and Pavlova sp. showed a broad spectrum of activity. Pavlova sp. extracts were tested against theselected aquatic pathogens, such as Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Aeromonashydrophila, and Staphylococcus aureus, and the result showed the inhibiting activity against aquatic pathogens. Theminimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration, cytotoxic assay, and mode of actionwere also studied. The effective five crude extracts were purified by column chromatography and tested against thepathogens; then, the active fraction was partially characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. TheFTIR result suggested the presence of bioactive groups, such as amines, alkane, carboxylic acid, sulfoxide, alcohol,boron, etc. From the five extracts, two active extracts were selected and subjected to TLC (Thin layer chromatography).The cytotoxic activity (LD-50) indicates that the compound may be safe and effective for clinical trial. Finally, thealgal cytotoxic assay concluded that the isolated compound can also be used as an algicide to control algal blooms.This study proves that Pavlova sp. is an excellent source of pharmacologically active resourceful algae and showseffective activity against aquatic pathogens.

Antibacterial activity of bacillomycin D-like compounds isolated from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HAB-2 against Burkholderia pseudomallei

Objective: To investigate the inhibitory effect on Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei) strain HNBP001 of a bacillomycin D-like cyclic lipopeptide compound named bacillomycin DC isolated from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HAB-2. Methods: The antibacterial effect of bacillomycin DC on B. pseudomallei was determined using the disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were evaluated by microdilution assay. In addition, transmission electron microscopy was performed and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay was carried out to determine the expression of MexB, OprD2, and qnrS genes. Results: Bacillomycin DC produced an inhibition zone against B. pseudomallei with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 12.5 μg/mL 24 h after treatment and 50 μg/mL at 48 and 72 h. Transmission electron microscopy showed that bacillomycin DC resulted in roughening cell surface and cell membrane damage. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed low expression of MexB, OprD2 and qnrS genes. Conclusions: Bacillomycin DC inhibits the growth of B. pseudomallei and can be a new candidate for antimicrobial agents of B. pseudomallei.

Antibacterial activity of bacillomycin D-like compounds isolated from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HAB-2 against Burkholderia pseudomallei

Objective: To investigate the inhibitory effect on Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei) strain HNBP001 of a bacillomycin D-like cyclic lipopeptide compound named bacillomycin DC isolated from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HAB-2. Methods: The antibacterial effect of bacillomycin DC on B. pseudomallei was determined using the disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were evaluated by microdilution assay. In addition, transmission electron microscopy was performed and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay was carried out to determine the expression of MexB, OprD2, and qnrS genes. Results: Bacillomycin DC produced an inhibition zone against B. pseudomallei with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 12.5 μg/mL 24 h after treatment and 50 μg/mL at 48 and 72 h. Transmission electron microscopy showed that bacillomycin DC resulted in roughening cell surface and cell membrane damage. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed low expression of MexB, OprD2 and qnrS genes. Conclusions: Bacillomycin DC inhibits the growth of B. pseudomallei and can be a new candidate for antimicrobial agents of B. pseudomallei. Rajaofera Mamy 1 Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Kang Xun 2 Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Jin Peng-Fei 3 Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, Hainan Chen Xin 4 Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Li Chen-Chu 5 Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Yin Li 6 Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Liu Lin 7 Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Sun Qing-Hui 8 Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Zhang Nan 9 Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Chen Chui-Zhe 10 Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan He Na 11 Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Xia Qian-Feng 12 Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Miao Wei-Guo 13 Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, Hainan Kung CT, Lee CH, Li CJ, Lu HI, Ko SF, Liu JW. 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Pericarp and seed of litchi and longan fruits: constituent, extraction, bioactive activity, and potential utilization / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) fruits have a succulent and white aril with a brown seed and are becoming popular worldwide. The two fruits have been used in traditional Chinese medicine as popular herbs in the treatment of neural pain, swelling, and cardiovascular disease. The pericarp and seed portions as the by-products of litchi and longan fruits are estimated to be approximately 30% of the dry weight of the whole fruit and are rich in bioactive constituents. In the recent years, many biological activities, such as tyrosinase inhibitory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-glycated, and anti-cancer activities, as well as memory-increasing effects, have been reported for the litchi and longan pericarp and seed extracts, indicating a potentially significant contribution to human health. With the increasing production of litchi and longan fruits, enhanced utilization of the two fruit by-products for their inherent bioactive constituents in relation to pharmacological effects is urgently needed. This paper reviews the current advances in the extraction, processing, identification, and biological and pharmacological activities of constituents from litchi and longan by-products. Potential utilization of litchi and longan pericarps and seeds in relation to further research is also discussed.

Pericarp and seed of litchi and longan fruits: constituent, extraction, bioactive activity, and potential utilization / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) fruits have a succulent and white aril with a brown seed and are becoming popular worldwide. The two fruits have been used in traditional Chinese medicine as popular herbs in the treatment of neural pain, swelling, and cardiovascular disease. The pericarp and seed portions as the by-products of litchi and longan fruits are estimated to be approximately 30% of the dry weight of the whole fruit and are rich in bioactive constituents. In the recent years, many biological activities, such as tyrosinase inhibitory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-glycated, and anti-cancer activities, as well as memory-increasing effects, have been reported for the litchi and longan pericarp and seed extracts, indicating a potentially significant contribution to human health. With the increasing production of litchi and longan fruits, enhanced utilization of the two fruit by-products for their inherent bioactive constituents in relation to pharmacological effects is urgently needed. This paper reviews the current advances in the extraction, processing, identification, and biological and pharmacological activities of constituents from litchi and longan by-products. Potential utilization of litchi and longan pericarps and seeds in relation to further research is also discussed.

H1-A, a compound isolated from Fusarium oxysporum inhibits hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 serine protease / 中国天然药物

The present study was aimed to isolate the active compounds from the fermentation products of Fusarium oxysporum, which had hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protease inhibitory activity. A bioactive compound was isolated by reverse-phase silica-gel column chromatography, silica-gel column chromatography, semi-preparative reverse-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and then its molecular structure was elucidated based on the spectrosopic analysis. As a result, the compound (H1-A, 1) Ergosta-5, 8 (14), 22-trien-7-one, 3-hydroxy-,(3β, 22E) was isolated and identified. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first report on the isolation of H1-A from microorganisms with the inhibitory activity of NS3 protease.

Characterization of bioactive compound from actinomycetes for antibiofilm activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria

Aims: Biofilm is an assemblage of microorganisms enclosed in a matrix of extracellular materials, such as, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), and relates to bacterial virulence, pathogenesis, and environmental survival. Bacteria inside biofilm are more resistant to conventional antibiotics and the host immune system. Non-biocidal antibiofilm compounds have been developed to address this problem. Specifically, actinomycetes have known to produce many metabolite compounds that have useful application in medicine and biotechnology. The study aimed to characterize bioactive compounds from actinomycetes crude extract that have capability as a multispecies antibiofilm agent. Methodology and results: In this study, none of the isolates had shown any antimicrobial activity. Based on the antibiofilm assay, most of the isolates have the capability to inhibit and to destroy biofilm formation of pathogenic bacteria at a 5% and 10% dosage. The crude extracts showing the highest activity for antibiofilm inhibition were extracted from Streptomyces sp. The characterization of the bioactive compounds showed that different components of a particular isolate responsible for its antibiofilm activity against pathogenic bacteria. The SW19 isolate had a nucleic acid, KP12 isolate had a combination of the three component (polysaccharide, protein, and nucleic acid), and CW17 isolate had a combination of polysaccharide and nucleic acid as the active compound for antibiofilm activity. Conclusion, significance and impact study: Thus, the bioactive crude extracts from actinomycetes has high potential to be used in treating biofilm-related infection and further research is needed to purify the bioactive compound from the crude extract which has antibiofilm activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.

Analgesic effect of honey bioactive compounds and its role in reducing morphine tolerance.

Honey has been used as a supplement nutrient in human for centuries. It exerts antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory properties as well as analgesic activity. But not many studies have been done to analyze effect of honey on morphine tolerance. Hence, this review is targeting on analgesic effect of honey bioactive compounds and their potential in morphine tolerance study.

Production and optimization of antibacterial metabolites from endophytic fungi Nigrospora sp. ML#3.

Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. is one of the most important plant which has a specific place in Ayurveda and phytotherapy. The tribal people generally used this plant for anthelminthic, anti-fertility, rejuvenation and anti-malarial against Plasmodium falciparum. In the present study total four endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of medicinal plant A. excelsa for the production of antibacterial bioactive compounds against five pathogenic bacterial strains. Various cultural conditions like media, pH, temperature and quarantine period was also optimized for the maximum production of antibacterial bioactive compounds from the potent fungus. After each optimizing step, the extracts were tested for antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion method and the best condition was selected for further process.

Adaptação e adaptação cruzada de Listeria monocytogenes aos compostos eugenol e carvacrol / Adaptation and Cross adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes to eugenol and carvacrol compounds

RESUMOA evolução de certos microrganismos permite sua rápida adaptação aos ambientes em constante mudança, desenvolvendo assim, tolerância ou resistência ao aumento de determinados estresses. O uso de compostos bioativos provenientes da flora nativa tem sido apontado como uma possível solução para os problemas de controle da resistência e proliferação bacteriana. Este trabalho visou verificar a adaptação e adaptação cruzada de L. monocytogenes, frente aos compostos fenólicos eugenol e carvacrol. A concentração mínima inibitória (CMI) dos compostos fenólicos foi determinada pela técnica de microdiluição em placas de 96 cavidades, em caldo TSB + 0,5% de Tween 80. As concentrações finais (%) obtidas foram: 0,06; 0,12; 0,24; 0,49; 0,98; 1,95; 3,9; 6,25; 12,5; 25; 50. A suspensão bacteriana padronizada foi inoculada nas cavidades das placas, as quais foram incubadas a 37°C por 24 horas com posterior leitura da absorbância a 620 nm e determinação da CMI. A adaptação das células de L. monocytogenes ao eugenol e carvacrol foi realizada com o cultivo das células em TSB + 0,06% de eugenol ou carvacrol à 37°C por 2 horas. A cultura foi então centrifugada e as células ressuspendidas e padronizadas em TSB. A seguir, realizou-se novamente a técnica de microdiluição em caldo. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que L. monocytogenes apresentou adaptação e adaptação cruzada frente ao carvacrol e eugenol. A CMI do eugenol e carvacrol foi de 24%. A pré-exposição de L. monocutogenes a concentração sub-letal de 0,06% de carvacrol ou de eugenol aumentou sua resistência. A pré-exposição ao carvacrol promoveu a adaptação de L.monocytogenes a ele aumentando a CMI para 12,5%. Já para o eugenol a CMI passou para 25%. Quando submetidas à concentração sub-letal de eugenol, este promoveu a adaptação das células tanto ao carvacrol quanto ao eugenol, sendo a CMI de 12,5%. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que L. monocytogenes apresentou adaptação e adaptação cruzada ao carvacrol e eugenol. O presente trabalho sugere estudos futuros ainda mais abrangentes quanto à potencialidade antimicrobiana destes compostos.

ABSTRACTSome microorganisms have evolved and therefore are able to rapidly adapt themselves to a constantly changing environment, thus developing tolerance or resistance to the increase of some specific stresses. The use of bioactive compounds from the native vegetation has been pointed out as a possible solution to the problems of control of bacterial resistance and proliferation. This work aimed to check the adaptation and cross adaptation of L. monocytogenes, towards the phenolic compounds eugenol and carvacrol. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the phenolic compounds was determined by the microdilution technic in plates of 96 cavities, in CALDO TSB + 0,5% of Tween 80. The final concentrations (%) obtained were: 0,06; 0,12; 0,24; 0,49; 0,98; 1,95; 3,9; 6,25; 12,5; 25; 50.The patronized bacterial suspension was inoculated into the captivities of the plates, and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours with posterior reading of the absorbance at 620 nm and determination of the MIC. The adaptation of the cells of L. monocytogenes to the eugenol and carvacrol was made through the cultivation of the cells in TSB + 0,06% of eugenol or carvacrol at 37°C for 2 hours. The sample was then centrifuged and the cells were re-suspended and patronized in TSB. After that, the microdilution technic was performed one more time. The obtained results revealed that the L. monocytogenespresented adaptation and cross adaptation to the eugenol and carvacrol. The eugenol and carvacrol CMI was at 24%. The pre-exposition of L. monocytogenes to sub-lethal doses of 0,06% of eugenol or carvacrol enhanced its resistance. The pre-exposition to carvacrol promoted the adaptation of L. monocytogenes to it thus increasingthe MIC to 12,5%. To the eugenol the CMI got to 25%. When submitted to sub-lethal concentrations of eugenol, the latterpromoted the adaptation of the cells to carvacrol and eugenol, bringing the CMI to 12,5%. The obtained results showed that theL. monocytogenespresented adaptation and cross adaptation to the eugenol and carvacrol. The current work suggests future studies even broader regarding the antimicrobial potentialityof these compounds.

In vitro antifungal potentials of bioactive compound oleic acid, 3-(octadecyloxy) propyl ester isolated from Lepidagathis cristata Willd. (Acanthaceae) inflorescence

OBJECTIVE@#To identify bioactive compound oleic acid, 3-(octadecyloxy) propyl ester from Lepidagathis cristata Willd. (L. cristata) and to assess antifungal potentials of the isolated compound.@*METHODS@#Aqueous extracts of L. cristata inflorescence were used for this study. The major bioactive compound isolated was tested for antifungal activities.@*RESULTS@#The major bioactive compound oleic acid, 3-(octadecyloxy) propyl ester was isolated from the inflorescence of L. cristata. The bioactive compound was tested for antifungal potentials and found to be highly effective to plant pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum fulcatum NCBT 146, Fusarium oxysporum NCBT 156 and Rhizoctonia solani NCBT 196 as well as for the human pathogenic fungi Curvularia lunata MTCC 2030 and Microsporum canis MTCC 2820.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The results justify the antifungal potentials of both plant and human pathogenic fungi. The plant bioactive compound will be helpful in herbal antifungal formulations.

In vitro antifungal potentials of bioactive compound oleic acid, 3-(octadecyloxy) propyl ester isolated from Lepidagathis cristata Willd. (Acanthaceae) inflorescence

Objective: To identify bioactive compound oleic acid, 3-(octadecyloxy) propyl ester from Lepidagathis cristata Willd. (L. cristata) and to assess antifungal potentials of the isolated compound. Methods: Aqueous extracts of L. cristata inflorescence were used for this study. The major bioactive compound isolated was tested for antifungal activities. Results: The major bioactive compound oleic acid, 3-(octadecyloxy) propyl ester was isolated from the inflorescence of L. cristata. The bioactive compound was tested for antifungal potentials and found to be highly effective to plant pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum fulcatum NCBT 146, Fusarium oxysporum NCBT 156 and Rhizoctonia solani NCBT 196 as well as for the human pathogenic fungi Curvularia lunata MTCC 2030 and Microsporum canis MTCC 2820. Conclusions: The results justify the antifungal potentials of both plant and human pathogenic fungi. The plant bioactive compound will be helpful in herbal antifungal formulations.

In vitro antifungal potentials of bioactive compound oleic acid, 3-(octadecyloxy) propyl ester isolated from Lepidagathis cristata Willd. (Acanthaceae) inflorescence

Objective: To identify bioactive compound oleic acid, 3-(octadecyloxy) propyl ester from Lepidagathis cristata Willd. (L. cristata) and to assess antifungal potentials of the isolated compound. Methods: Aqueous extracts of L. cristata inflorescence were used for this study. The major bioactive compound isolated was tested for antifungal activities. Results: The major bioactive compound oleic acid, 3-(octadecyloxy) propyl ester was isolated from the inflorescence of L. cristata. The bioactive compound was tested for antifungal potentials and found to be highly effective to plant pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum fulcatum NCBT 146, Fusarium oxysporum NCBT 156 and Rhizoctonia solani NCBT 196 as well as for the human pathogenic fungi Curvularia lunata MTCC 2030 and Microsporum canis MTCC 2820. Conclusions: The results justify the antifungal potentials of both plant and human pathogenic fungi. The plant bioactive compound will be helpful in herbal antifungal formulations.

Diversity and Versatility of Actinomycetes and its Role in Antibiotic Production.

This review summarizes about the actinomycetes and their capability to produce bioactive secondary metabolites, many of which have been successfully isolated and turned into useful drugs and other organic chemicals. Microbial pathogens are becoming increasingly resistant to available treatments so new antibiotics are needed, but the channel of compounds under development is scarce. There is frantic need of new microbial agents to fight against the antibiotic resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms, which are rapidly increasing gradually. Therefore, actinomycetes hold a prominent position due to their diversity and proven ability to produce new bioactive compounds predominantly used in antibiotic production. A critical element in a drug discovery based on microbial extracts is the isolation of unexploited groups of microorganisms that are at the same time good producers of secondary metabolites. Few of the antibiotics produced by actinomycetes are included in this review along with their activities to prove the versatility of this powerful microbial organism. Many ecological niches still remain unexplored yet which needs to be studied for a greater diversity of novel actinomycetes. Different strains of actinomycetes generally produce different compounds. For this reason intensive efforts can be increased for isolation and screening of new strains to discover new compounds.

Evaluation of antioxidant activity and cytotoxic potential of Cryptocoryne ciliata.

Cryptocoryne ciliata belonging to the Araceae family has been investigated for isolation of its secondary metabolites and evaluation of biological activities of the crude extractives with special emphasis to the antioxidant activity and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The whole plant was extracted with methanol and concentrated extract was parti-tioned using petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride and ethyl acetate. Aqueous soluble fraction of the methanolic extract showed the highest antioxidant activity. The carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of the methanolic extract and the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the methanolic extract showed moderate antioxidant activity as compared to free antioxidant activity of tert-butyl-1-hydroxytolunene. In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, among all extracts of whole plant of C. ciliata, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of the methanolic extract showed strong cytotoxic activity. Aqueous soluble fraction of the methanolic extract, methanolic crude and ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the methanolic extract showed mild cytotoxity as compared to that of vincristine sulphate. The study confirms the mild to moderate antioxidant and moderate potent cytotoxic activities of C. ciliata plant extract as compared to reference standards and therefore demands the isolation of active principles and thorough bioassay.